Elasmobranchs are a group of cartilaginous fishes that includes sharks, rays, and skates. Many species within this group are currently facing significant threats and are classified as endangered or critically endangered. These threats arise from various factors, including overfishing, habitat degradation, bycatch, and climate change. As a result, conservation efforts are being undertaken to protect these vulnerable species and ensure their survival.
To address the conservation concerns surrounding elasmobranchs, various initiatives and measures have been implemented. One of the primary approaches is the establishment of protected areas and marine reserves. These designated zones aim to safeguard critical habitats, such as breeding grounds and feeding areas, providing a safe haven for elasmobranchs to thrive without human disturbance.
The international agreements and conventions have been established to promote the conservation of elasmobranchs. For instance, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates the international trade of endangered species, including certain elasmobranchs. It enforces restrictions on the import and export of these species, discouraging unsustainable practices. Additionally, Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) play a crucial role in the conservation of elasmobranchs by implementing measures to reduce bycatch and protect their habitats. These organizations work with member countries to establish fishing regulations, promote sustainable practices, and enforce conservation measures.
A team of researcher from Sokoine University of Agriculture, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) in Belgium, noted the endangered and protected elasmobranchs fish in Tanzanian fish markets using DNA barcoding. Three of the identified species (great hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran, oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus, and pelagic thresher Alopias pelagicus) are protected by Tanzanian laws. Therefore, with this finding, it is advised that steps be taken to strengthen law enforcement at landing sites and fish markets in the country. Furthermore, the Third Schedule of Fisheries (Amendment) Regulations of 2009 should be updated to include 11 EN and CR elasmobranchs that are not on the list. Additionally, national and regional elasmobranch conservation plans should be developed to prevent the exploitation of endangered elasmobranchs.
The conservation of endangered elasmobranchs relies on a combination of protected areas, international agreements, fisheries management measures, public awareness campaigns, and scientific research. By addressing the threats and implementing sustainable practices, can work towards the long-term survival and protection of these fascinating and important marine species.
Public awareness and education campaigns are also essential in protecting elasmobranchs. By increasing knowledge about the ecological importance of these species and the threats they face, people can make informed choices and support conservation efforts. Promoting responsible fishing practices, advocating for sustainable seafood consumption towards conservation of elasmobranchs.
Furthermore, research and monitoring programs should be conducted to gather data on elasmobranch populations, migration patterns, and reproductive behavior. This information will helps scientists and conservationists to develop effective management strategies and identify critical areas for protection.
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Rumisha, C., Simwanza, R. J., Nehemia, A., Mdegela, R. H., and Kochzius, M. (2023). DNA barcoding reveals threatened and protected elasmobranchs in Tanzanian fish markets. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 22(1), 57-65.
The Department of Animal, Aquaculture, and Range Sciences
The College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture
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